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History of Nepal mentioned an event of past on holy book, Puran, and chronicle about the origin of its Himalaya and Valley. An old tooth of Ramapithecus was discovered in 1932 by G. Edward Lewis. The discovery tooth of Ramapithecus was in the Shivalik hills nearby Lumbini (bank of Tinau River) that is believed 9 to 9.5 million years old. Nepal was frequented by hominoids 8 to 14 million years ago.
The country called 'Satyavati' in the age of truth, 'Tapoban' in Treta, 'Mukti Sopan' in Dwapara and 'Nepal' in Kali (now). The Vedas guided four age cycles, including Satya Yuga with 17,28,000 years, Treta Yuga with12,96,000 years, DwaparaYuga with 8,64,000 years and Kali Yuga is 4,32,000 years periods. The earth calculated 4,32,0000000 years. The name 'Nepal' was traditionally applied only to Kathmandu Valley. The history begins in the Vedic period. The two dynasties, Gopal (cowherds) and Mahishapalas (buffalo-herds) ruled in Kathmandu Valley. These names appear in Gopalraja Vamshavali (chronicles) written many centuries later during the reign of Jayasthiti Malla (1382-95 AD).
The history of Nepal mentioned as an archaeological source, external accounts, and literature. There is four periods, the mythological period (Gopal, Mahispal, and Kirat dynasty), the ancient period (Lichchhavi dynasty), the medieval period (Thakuri and Malla dynasty), and the modern period (Shah and Rana dynasty). Kathmandu valley was the capital of all rulers.
Nepal has never become a colony of any empire. A troop of Gurkhas had taken part in the first and Second World War. They were fought in Tibet and Anglo-War during the medieval period. An earthquake in 1934 and 2015 was destroyed in numerous settlements and heritage sites, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. The Kot Massacre (1846) and the Royal Massacre (2001) had occurred for power. Foreigners were not allowed in Nepal until 1950.
An origin names of Nepal
Gopal Dynasty (Cowherds Dynasty in 1500-1000 B.C.)
According to Hindu and Buddhist legend God Krishna and Manjushree cut Chobhar hill south of Kathmandu by magical swords afterwards, Kathmandu Valley became inhabitable land. The cow herders enter from the south and Naga rulers defeated them. Naga rulers were chased to the south. Meanwhile, a Vedic Sage 'Ne' was living at the confluence of Teku. He chose Bhuktaman (Bhumigupta) for a King of the Gopal dynasty. King Bhuktaman also put a suffix 'Gupta'. The eight, Gopal (Gupta) Kings, such as Bhumi Gupta, Jaya Gupta, Dharma Gupta, Harsh Gupta, Bhim Gupta, Mani Gupta, Bishnu Gupta, and Jeet Gupta ruled at least 521 years in Nepal, according to Gopal chronicle. The capital was at Matatirtha southwest of Kathmandu Valley. They had established their own kingdom and villages in the mythological period.
Gopal kings marked their name in the 10th-15th century B.C. The kingdom was extended to Dudh Koshi in the east, Trishuli Ganga in the west, Gosainkunda in the north and Chitlang in the south. According to history, cow herders were brought by God Krishna. Cow herders used to live in Padma Kasta hill with several cows’ farm. One of the Nep's Cows, Bahuri was milky, however, a few days, Bahuri skipped her milk. Nep astonished and discovered why his cow went to a certain place and pour milk. The Gopal excavated and found the Jyotirlinga (phallic symbol of Shiva) in the present Pashupatinath in Deupatan. They were built a temple with Jyotirlinga bank of the Bagmati River. The last King was Jeet Gupta without any children, he was defeated by Abhir King who was coming from the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Abhir Dynasty (Buffalo-herds Dynasty in 1000-800 B.C.)
The Gopal chronicle mentioned, Jeet Gupta was defeated by Abhir King, then he became a new King in Kathmandu Valley. Some historians believed both dynasties were the same, however, different occupations with cow and buffalo farms in the mythological period. Karkapetrik chronicle mentioned, Abhir Dynasty used to reign in the plain land of Nepal within Simaraungarh and Janakpur. They had numerous weapons and buffalo farms themselves. Later, they entered Kathmandu Valley and defeated King Jeet Gupta.
The 3 kings had reigned in Abhir Dynasty. Bar Singh ruled for 43 years, Jaya Singh ruled for 21 years and 7 months, and Bhuvan Singh ruled for 41 years. Matatirtha was their capital, south of Kirtipur in Kathmandu Valley. The last King Bhuvan Singh was defeated by the Kirat King Yalambar.
Kirat Dynasty (800 B.C. to 300 AD)
The last Abhir King Bhuvan Singh was defeated by the first Kirat King Yalamber. Kirat Dynasty ruled for at least 526 years in Nepal. The 29 Kings were Yalamber (1), Pavi (2) Skandar (3), Balamba (4), Hriti (5), Humati (6), Jitedasti (7), Galinja (8), Pushka (9), Suyarma (10), Papa (11), Bunka (12), Swananda (13), Sthunko (14), Jinghri (15), Nane (16), Luka (17), Thor (18), Thoko (19), Verma (20), Guja (21), Pushkar(22), Keshu (23), Suja (24), Sansa (25), Gunam (26), Khimbu (27), Patuka (28), and Gasti (29) in Kirat Dynasty.
The border of Nepal was extended up to Dudh Koshi in the east, Trishuli in the west, Gosainkunda in the north and Chitlang in the south. They established a monarchy in the kingdom. Humati was the sixth King, in his time, there was a war between the Kirat-faced Shiva and Arjun. The seventh King Jitedasti was a supporter of Pandav in the Mahabharata war. The King built Stupas and monk’s houses. He established Buddhism in Kathmandu Valley. Court and administrative houses, such as Kuther, Mapchowk, Sulli, Lingbal, and Pataljadhikaran were established in the Kirat period. During the time of King Humati, Lord Buddha came to Kathmandu Valley.
The Mongoloid people were Hindu who used to worship Lord Shiva. Buddhism also arrived during the Kirat period. The statue of Birupaksha was established at Arya Ghat in Pashupati. The King restored Pashupatinath Temple with a golden pinnacle. King Verma enlarged his kingdom to the Indian sea. He used the money receiving from the war for Pashupatinath Temple. The last King, Gasti had no children then he hands over his kingdom to Suryavamsi King.
According to, Gopalraja Vhamsavali Kiratis were Mongoloid people. Some historians believed they had come from China, Africa, and the north of Persia, Sumer or Mishra. Hangvamsi, Kirati King was ruled at the banks of Tama Kosi and Dudh Kosi. The Yala is an ancient name of Patan derived from King Yalamber. Emperor Ashoka once visited Patan with his daughter Charumati. He established 4 Stupas in four corners of Patan. Princess Charumati wanted to stay in Patan and married King Deopal. Kiratis were Saivaties, however, Buddhism also developed there. During this time Kolia, Lichchavi, Mallavamsi, and Hindu pilgrims arrived in Nepal as a refugee. Lichchavi King attacked to Kirat Dynasty at Chyasal, killed at least 800 Kiratis. Chyasal is derived from the incident in the Newari language. Afterwards, Kiratis were shifted to eastern Nepal and established their own kingdom in Tama Kosi and Arun River Valley. Later the coronation time of Lichchavi King, Manadeva, Kiraties attacked to be independent, but Manadeva defeated them.
Lichchavi Dynasty (300 AD - 900 AD)
The capital of Lichchavi was at Vaishali, across the Ganges from the ancient city of Pataliputra (modern Patna) in India. Their independent republic state was large and powerful. While King Aajath attacked the kingdom Lichchavi went to Nepal as a refugee. They attacked and defeated Kiratis to establish their own kingdom. Lichchavi believed the 8th king descended from the Suryavamsi King Dasharath in Ayodhya. In the 3rd century AD, Jayadeva was the King. Basanta Dev, Shiva Dev 1st, and Amsuvarma were not Lichchavi King, however, they were a relative of the ruler.
The most popular Lichchavi Kings were Supuspa, Jaya Dev 1st, Birkha Dev, Shankar Dev, Dharma Dev, Mana Dev 1st, Mahi Dev, Basanta Dev, Udaya Dev, Mana Dev 2nd, Shiva Dev 1st, Narendra Dev (702-736 B.S.), Shiva Dev 2nd and the Jaya Dev 2nd. King Supuspa was renovated, Pashupatinath Temple. It was a golden time. He kept a stone inscription and published a coin. They kept a good relationship with India and China. After Jaya Dev, Dharma Dev and the sixteen kings ruled in Nepal. Afterwards, Mana Dev (464-505 AD), the son of Dharma Dev became the King of Nepal. He built the Changu Narayan Temple with a historic stone inscription. There is written that he stopped his mother from going to die with her husband on a funeral pyre (Sati System).
There was an administration with army and court, including Mapchok, Shuli, Kuther, Lingbal and Panchali in the Lichchavi time. Village divided into a Gram, Tal, and Drang. They established 4 Varnas and 18 casts. They implemented a job and dress code, according to the caste system. There was a Sanskrit and Pali Language with the Brahmi script. People could choose a religion. King Mana Dev was the Vishnavis and his wife was Shivatis. Indra and Machchendranath festival was celebrated by the religious association (Guthi). These three taxes, including Bhag, Bhog, and Kar was in use.
Princess Bhrikuti married King Songsten Gampo (Tibet) that might save Nepal from a potential attack. Bhrikuti's dowry is said to have included Buddhist images. She was later canonized as a manifestation of Tara. Once King Narendra Dev was chased to China for 20 years by his palace assistant (Vardar). Later he came and occupied his kingdom with the help of China. At last Lichchavi King was defeated by Thakuri King. Thakuri Vamsa had several kings, including Bhaskar Burma, Bala Dev, Shankar Dev, Shiva Dev 3rd, Mahendra Dev (1184-1201 B.S.) and the Ananda Dev.
During the Lichchavi period an important monument, date, currency, inscription, and the historical palace were established, such as Managriha, Kailashakuta, Manadeva Samvat, Bhadradhivas and the stone inscription in Changu Narayan. King Manadeva persuaded his mother, Queen Rajyavati, not to join his father on the funeral pyre. Varaha at Dhum Varahi and the Narayan statue at Budhanilakantha and Balaju were built in the Lichchavi period.
